It was primarily the work of E. P. Sanders in his 1977 book Paul and Palestinian Judaism that moved scholars to this new assessment of first-century Judaism.2 Sanders portrays Judaism as a “covenantal nomism,” a law-based religion within an assumed context of covenant grace, rather than a legalism where salvation is earned by works. This basic understanding conflicts with the common view of Judaism assumed by the so-called Lutheran view of Paul. Sanders’s insight was
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